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- Current Studies on Molecular Mechanisms of Iron Homeostasis in Rhinoceroses
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- Rose Linzmeier, Ph.
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- Elizabeta Nemeth, Ph.
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- Paglia, M.
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- Look into https://tex.stackexchange.com/q/34746/5654
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- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine and Department of Pathology
- and Laboratory Medicine, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90095
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- Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, The Scripps Research
- Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
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- UCLA Hematology Research Laboratory, Department of Pathology and Laboratory
- Medicine, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90095
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- 2013
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- Iron storage disease (ISD) is a hazardous and clinically underappreciated
- condition commonly acquired by exotic wildlife species when displaced from
- their natural habitats and confined for even short periods under artificial
- conditions.
- An international symposium recently reviewed and validated evidence that
- African black and Sumatran rhinoceroses invariably develop progressive
- ISD commensurate with their times in captivity, whereas African white and
- Indian rhinoceroses do not
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- Since vulnerability to ISD is a species-wide characteristic, it is likely
- to have a genetic basis possibly reflecting evolutionary adaptions to differenc
- es in iron bioavailability between browser and grazer diets.
-
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- As a biologically essential element that is also highly toxic in excess,
- iron is exquisitely regulated by molecular mechanisms primarily focused
- on interactions between the peptide hepcidin, (the principal iron-regulatory
- hormone), and its receptor ferroportin, (the sole channel for egress of
- intracellular iron into plasma)
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- Iron-regulatory gene sequences from both ISD-susceptible and non-susceptible
- species were compared to search for possible molecular differences.
- DNA was extracted from peripheral blood samples from all four available
- rhinoceros species, and genes encoding hepcidin and ferroportin, as well
- as modulators hemojuvelin, transferrin receptor 2, and HFE protein, were
- cloned and analyzed by PCR amplification.
- Over half of the DNA sequences of these five genes have now been determined
- without identifying any that could account for disparities in iron loading
- among the species.
- Evaluation of the remaining sequences continues, as do studies to determine
- the responsiveness of rhinoceros ferroportin to hepcidin modulation and
- quantitative levels of hepcidin expression
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- In addition, liver and spleen mRNA sequences from African black and white
- rhinoceroses were assembled using Trinity RNA-Seq software
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- and compared with human sequences using the SIFT algorithm
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- .
- Candidate single-nucleotide polymorphisms were independently validated
- by genomic sequencing.
- Mutations were found in four genes that may be associated with primary
- iron disorders or hemolytic anemia in black rhinoceroses: SLC28a2, EPB41,
- MTF1, and STEAP4
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